Physik World

Quantum Tunneling The phenomenon in which wave is  probability disappears from one side of a potential barrier and appears on the other side is called quantum tunneling. If the potential barrier energy is more than that of electron then also there is probability of appearing in another side.

Quantum Decoherence Loss of coherence is called quantum decoherence. When wave function is linked to the outer environment or what i called wave function collapse or observer effect the nature of that system is changed. This phenomenon is known as quantum decoherence.  In quantum computer coherence should be maintain for calculations if not then there may come error.

What is QUANTUM? You see light, if you zoom it you see particles these particles is associated with different energy each quantum/energy is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation i.e. E=hv means energy of photon. Ɣ Gamma Represents Photon (Symbol) As we know photon is the particle of light, but why? It has no mass too. But it travels at the speed of light. This is quite wired for understanding. Here's the question come's if mass-less particle can travel at the speed of light "photon". What about those particle which has mass and the answer is "no" particle having mass can't travel at the speed of light. Why ? Because it needs infinite amount of energy to do so. Now, you may ask why infinite amount of energy is required. It is due to increment of mass due to increment of speed. So it needs more and more energy to push it up. 

What is Particle Physics ? You see everywhere there is patterns in the universe but if you travel inside it; you will see small particles rather than big things i.e. universe itself. So, the branch of physics that deals with the small fundamental particles is called particle physics. Particle physics studies the sub-atomic particles inside an atom. Fundamental particles means not regarded as made up of other particles like electron. But what about proton and neutron ?  Proton and neutron are elementary particles. Elementary particles means which can be sub-divided into other particles. All matter around us is made of elementary particles, the building block of matter. These particles occur in two basic types called quarks and leptons.

What are Quarks ? As we know that proton and neutron are elementary particles which means they can be sub divided into another particles and that another particles are named as quarks. It means after breaking out proton or neutron we get quarks. If we look at the standard model of particle physics we come to know that there are I,II,III generation  of quarks. The lightest and more stable particles make up the first generation, whereas the havier and less stable particles belongs to the II and III generations. All the stable matter in the universe are made up of I-generation. And the most important thing is any heavier particles quickly decay into next most stable level means III to II and II to I generation. The six quarks are paired in three generations; the "up quarks" and the "down quarks" from the I generation; followed by the "charm quark", then the "top quarks" and "bottom quarks". Quarks also comes in thre...

What is spin in quantum physics ? Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by particles. There are two types of spin. They are "Spin Up" and "Spin Down". Spin up ↑  means +1/2 whereas spin down  ↓  means -1/2. While spinning they exhibits magnetic properties too. So, what about the spin of Proton and Neutron? This concept of spin up or down leads to the phenomenon called Quantum Entanglement.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle The more you know about position the less you know about momentum and vice-versa. For example, if you throw a ball in the air and clicked picture of it, you can perfectly know the position of that ball (where it is exactly) but you can't know it's momentum because to know momentum distance should be covered, you can't travel from point A to point A (meaning position). And if you want to measure momentum, it should cover distance from point A to point B means you will be uncertain about position .

Electron Electrons belongs to the first generation of the lepton  particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibits properties of both particles and waves. Electrons are spin  -1/2 particles, implying that they are fermions  according to the spin-statistics theorem . All fermions are characterized by half-integer spin, where spin corresponds to the intrinsic angular momentum of the particle.

Photon Like all elementary particles, photons are currently best explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave-particle duality, exhibiting properties of both waves and particles. For example, a single photon may be refracted by a lens and exhibit wave interference with itself, and it can behave as a particle with definite and finite measurable position or momentum, through not both at the same time as per Heisenberg's uncertanity principle. Photons do  not experience the  electromagnetic force  themselves, and so they  do  not interact with each other, but the effects of  electromagnetism  are produced by the energy and momentum they  carry . The  photons  that  carry force  are known as 'virtual' particles The main things about photon is that, its invariant mass is zero, it always moves at the speed of light in a vacuum.

Higgs Bosons Higgs Bosons are scalar bosons which has spin zero "0". Higgs mechanism is responsible for giving mass to the W and Z when they interact with an invisible field, now called the "Higgs Field" which pervades the universe. The more a particle interacts with this field, the heavier it is. Particles like photon that do not interact with it are left with no mass at all. Like all fundamental fields, the Higgs field has an associated particle- the Higgs Boson is the visible manifestation of the Higgs field, rather like a wave at the surface of the see. The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard model of particle physics,  produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field.

Quantum Entanglement Annihilation is the condition in which matter and antimatter gets collide together and produce energy. When electron and positron collides it produces two photons which are entangled. Means one photon is in "up" state whereas another will be in "down" state when we measure any one of the photon. But if we don't measure then photons are in both state "up" and "down" simultaneously. If one photon is kept one side of the universe and another in another side of the universe measuring one state of photon can affect another photon at the same time. If we find one photon is in "up" state at the same time another will be in "down" state. This phenomenon is called Quantum Entanglement. Equation for Quantum Entanglement I cannot decide which state to collapse the composite system into, and therefore cannot transmit information to Bob by acting on her system. Causality is thus preserved, in this parti...

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