History of Quantum Physics

History of Quantum Physics:


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Electron

Electron Electrons belongs to the first generation of the lepton  particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibits properties of both particles and waves. Electrons are spin  -1/2 particles, implying that they are fermions  according to the spin-statistics theorem . All fermions are characterized by half-integer spin, where spin corresponds to the intrinsic angular momentum of the particle.
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Fermions in Particle Physics -(Pauli Exclusion Principle) #Physik_World

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Fermions: Fermions are those particles which includes  quarks and leptons. Quarks and leptons are spin -1/2  particles, implying that they are fermions according to the spin-statistics theorem . Fermions follows Fermi-Dirac statistics. These particles obey the Pauli exclusion principle. The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particle with half integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. In the case of electrons in atoms, it can be stated as follows: n, the principle quantum number, l, the angular momentum, m l , themagnetic quantum number and m s, the spin quantum number. For example, if two electron reside in the same orbital, and if their n, l and  m l value are same, then their  m s  must be different and thus the electrons must have opposite half-integer spin projection of 1/2 and -1/2. (Spin Up and Down) ...
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Gluon

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Gluon: The binding sub-atomic particle for quarks are called gluon. They are so-called messenger particle of the strong nuclear force. Quarks interact by emitting and absorbing gluons. In Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the interactions of quarks described in terms of eight types of massless gluon, which like photon, all carry one unit of intrinsic angular momentum or spin. Like quarks, the gluons carry "strong charge" known as color; this means that gluons can interact between themselves through the strong force. In technical terms, gluons are vector gauge bosons that madiate strong interactions of quarks in quantum chromodynamics(QCD).
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