History of Quantum Physics

History of Quantum Physics:


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Fermions: Fermions are those particles which includes  quarks and leptons. Quarks and leptons are spin -1/2  particles, implying that they are fermions according to the spin-statistics theorem . Fermions follows Fermi-Dirac statistics. These particles obey the Pauli exclusion principle. The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particle with half integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. In the case of electrons in atoms, it can be stated as follows: n, the principle quantum number, l, the angular momentum, m l , themagnetic quantum number and m s, the spin quantum number. For example, if two electron reside in the same orbital, and if their n, l and  m l value are same, then their  m s  must be different and thus the electrons must have opposite half-integer spin projection of 1/2 and -1/2. (Spin Up and Down) ...
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What is spin in quantum physics ? Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by particles. There are two types of spin. They are "Spin Up" and "Spin Down". Spin up ↑  means +1/2 whereas spin down  ↓  means -1/2. While spinning they exhibits magnetic properties too. So, what about the spin of Proton and Neutron? This concept of spin up or down leads to the phenomenon called Quantum Entanglement.
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